Shadow

A dark patch formed behind an opaque object when it obstructs the passage of light is called a shadow.
Shadows are formed when light either does not enter the eye from certain regions or enters in smaller amount.
Umbra is a shadow of total darkness. A shadow formed by a point source of light is an umbra.
Penumbra is a shadow of partial darkness. An extended source is general, produces umbra as well as penumbra.
If the screen is moved away from the object, the penumbra increases while the umbra decreases till a stage is reached when no umbra is formed. So the shadow of the birds and aeroplanes flying are not formed, as the umbra is absent.

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